Project Summary — Immunotherapy has created a paradigm shift in the treatment of many cancers, including bladder cancer. However, not all patients respond to immunotherapy. Our prior research suggests androgens and the androgen receptor may play a role in the biology how bladder tumors respond to immunotherapy. We therefore seek to investigate the role of androgens and the androgen receptor in human bladder cancer immune cells such as macrophages. Advancing on previously developed methods for detailed analysis of patient tumor biopsies, we seek to identify how immune cells in bladder tumors may be influenced by the presence of androgens and other hormones. We will further compare results between male and female patients. Overall, we believe a better understanding of how androgens impact bladder cancer-associated immune cells will be pertinent to efforts to improve the response rates to immunotherapy.